PLAGIARISM AND CITING FOR STUDENTS

Chicago Manual Style (or Turabian) is used when you are citing a source for the "humanities" (i.g. History, Social Studies, etc.). 

When writing, document all information and ideas gained from outside sources. 
•    credit your sources and avoid plagiarism,
•    support your arguments with information from experts in the field, and
•    share source materials with readers.  

Your work should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. Use a clear font that is highly readable; 12 pt. Times New Roman font is recommended.

Text should be consistently double-spaced, with the following exceptions:  
•    Block quotations, table titles, and figure captions should be single-spaced.  
•    A prose quotation of five or more lines should be blocked.
•    A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.  
•    An extra line space should immediately precede and follow a blocked quotation.
•    Blocked quotations should be indented .5” as a whole.
•    Notes and bibliographies should be singled-spaced internally; however, leave an extra line space between note and bibliographic entries.
•    Page numbers begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1.
•    Subheadings should be used for longer papers.

Adapted from PCC Citation Toolkit

Notes and Bibliography

When using Notes and Bibliography, an in-text citation takes the form of a superscript number. This superscript number must correspond to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced. An example of this is shown below.

In text: Shields describes the 1950's New York art scene as "tailor-made for socializing."¹

Note: 1. Charles Shields, Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 21.

Author-Date

If you use the author’s name in the sentence, but the year of the publication in parentheses (year) after the author’s name and the page numbers you’re referencing in parentheses at the end of the relevant sentence or phrase in parentheses (page number/page range):

• Sara Lindberg (2008) argues that gender identity plays a role in human development (24).
• Sara Lindberg (2008) argues that gender identity plays a role in human development (37-39), and Myra Marx Ferree (2015) has argued that gender affects everything from individuals to institutions (36).

If you do not use the author's name in the sentence, put the author's last name year, and page numbers in parentheses (Last name year, page #).

•  Although gender identity certainly plays a role in human development (Lindberg 2008, 24), it affects all individuals and institutions within society (Ferree 2015, 36).

Adapted from The University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The Modern Language Association (MLA) style is often used by people in the humanities, such as literature and philosophy. 

When writing, document all information and ideas gained from outside sources. 

• credit your sources and avoid plagiarism,
• support your arguments with information from experts in the field, and
• share source materials with readers.

Your work should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. Use a clear font that is highly readable; 12 pt. Times New Roman font is recommended.

MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules.

In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: Author, title of source, title of container, other contributors, version, number, publisher, publication date, location.

Adapted from PCC Citation Toolkit

In-text Citations

MLA in-text citations use parenthesis whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase from an outside source. Most times, the in-text citation goes at the end of a sentence before the period. Whether you use a direct quotation or paraphrase, you must include an in-text citation and the correct information in your Works Cited.

In-text citations in MLA require the author's last name and page number. When there is no author, use a shortened title of the source. If you mention the author's last name or page number previously in the sentence, it does not have to be included in the in-text citation.

Example:

He stated that romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth said that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Adapted from Purdue OWL

The American Medical Association (AMA) style is often used by people in medical fields.

When writing, document all information and ideas gained from outside sources. 

• credit your sources and avoid plagiarism,
• support your arguments with information from experts in the field, and
• share source materials with readers.

Citation Format Print Resource

Author Last name, First Initial Middle Initial. Title in sentence case. Journal Title in Title Case. Year; volume(Issue#): PP-PP.

References are found at the end of a paper or book and are known as the “Reference List,” and each item should be listed in numerical order and should be single-spaced. References are numbered in consecutive order in the text, tables, or figures. 

Examples
1. Wheeler T, Watkins PJ. Cardic denervation in diabetes. BMJ. 1973;4:584-586.
2. O'Keefe M, Coat S. Consulting parents on childhood obesity and implications for medical student learning. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45(10),573-576.

Citation Format Electronic Resource

Online Journals

Author(s). Title. Journal Name [using National Library of Medicine abbreviations as mentioned above]. Year;vol(issue no.):inclusive pages. URL [provide the URL in this field; no need to use “URL:” preceding it]. Published [date]. Updated [date]. Accessed [date].

Example

1. Drake AJ, Smith A, Betts PR, et al. Type 2 diabetes in obese white children. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86(3), 207-208. http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=nlm-main-website&query=Archives+of+disease+in+childhood. Accessed April 5, 2015.

Website

Author(s), if given (often, no authors are given). Title of the specific item cited (if none is given, use the name of the organization responsible for the site). Name of the website. URL [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication]. Published [date]. Updated [date]. Accessed [date].

Examples

1. Living With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes.org. http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/recently-diagnosed/living-with-type-1-diabetes.html. Published February 9, 2015. Accessed April 7, 2015.

2. Why Immunize? cdc.gov. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/why.htm. Updated September 23, 2014. Accessed April 7, 2015.

3. Yale University. ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relesases/2015/01/1501733950. Published January 7, 2015. Accessed April 5, 2015.

Note: For more information on how to cite different types of resources, refer to the AMA Manual of Style or click here.

Source: Purdue OWL

In-text citations

Use superscript numerals to cite material, e.g.,  1 . The first reference used in a written document is listed as 1 in the reference list.

The superscript must be immediately next to the fact, concept, or quotation being cited.  If citing more than one reference at the same point, separate the numbers with commas and no spaces between. 

The superscript must be outside periods and commas, inside colons and semi-colons, and when more than 2 references are cited at a given place in the manuscript, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series; use commas without space to separate other parts of a multiple citation.

Example In-text Citations

• This drug is used to treat hepatitis.1
• Storing latex at high heat may cause degradation,  2,3-5,7  but it is difficult to keep materials cool in a desert environment.
• Some physicians choose to store prescription pads in locked cabinets 8; others keep them in their coats at all times. 9
•  As reported previously,1,4-7,19,24

If a reference is used multiple times in one paper, use the same number throughout.

Using the author's names in-text: You may use author names in your text, as long as these mentions are accompanied by numbered citations. Use last names only.  For items with one or two authors, include both names. For items with 3 or more authors, include the first author's surname and then 'et al' or 'and colleagues'.

Examples

• Smith and Jones2  reported on the questionnaire.
• Hammersmith et al3 reported on the survey.

Source: Adapted from AMA: Citing Your Sources

ACS Style (Chemistry)-ACS Style Guide

Developed by the American Chemical Society, this style may be used for research papers in the field of chemistry. 

The most current edition, 3rd edition, was published in 2006 by the American Chemical Society. Online access is also available via the ACS website. Chapter 14 contains the rules for how to cite references in text and create a bibliography.  A short summary of those rules and some examples are provided below but consult Chapter 14 for more detailed citation issues. This guide can help you with the more fundamental tasks including:

• Reference Formats: examples and explanations for citing your sources in the various formats for your References list
• In-text citations: how to cite your references in the text of your paper

Example Citation Format

Book: Author 1; Author 2; etc. Chapter Title. Book Title, Edition Number; Series Information (if any); Publisher: Place of Publication, Year;  Volume Number, Pagination.

Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2003.

Article: Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. Title of Article. Journal Abbreviation Year, Volume, Pagination.

Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole              B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.

In-text citations

​References are found at the end of a paper or book and are known as the “Reference List,” and each item should be listed in alphabetical order and should be single-spaced. For references with the same author(s), list chronologically. Each citation needs to be formatted with a half-inch hanging indent. 

Note: These examples are book and journal article citations. For more information on how to cite different types of resources, refer to the ACS Style Guide. For a full list of CASSI abbreviations of journals, refer to p. 328-339.

References in the text should be cited in one of three ways:

• by an italic number
• or by a superscript number
• or by author name and date

References should be numbered in the order they are presented in the paper.  If a reference is cited more than once, it does not receive a new number.  If citing more than one reference at a time, include reference numbers in increasing order separated by commas.

Italic Number Example: …preparing N-(p-nitroaryl)amides (2).
Superscript Number Example: preparing N-(p-nitroaryl)amides².
Author Name and Date Example: …preparing N-(p-nitroaryl)amides (Stern and Cheng, 1995).

Note: You must choose only one format for your in-text citations throughout the paper, and for more detailed information see ACS Style Guide here, pages 287-290.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

The IEEE referencing style is a referencing style created and managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE style is used primarily for electronics, engineering, telecommunications, computer science, and information technology reports. This guide can help you with the more fundamental tasks including:

• Reference formats: explanations for citing your sources in the various formats for your References list
• In-text citations: how to cite your references throughout a document, using numbers in [square brackets]
• Formatting Your Paper: learn how to set up your paper including the margins, font, and your References list here.

Example Citation Format

Book: [#] First Initial. Last Name, Title of Work. Publication Location: Publisher, Year. 

            [1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

Journal Article: [#] First Initial. Last Name, "Title of the Article," Publication, vol. pp., year.

[4] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment of feasibility," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

Reference List

This list will be at the end of your paper and provides the full citations for all the references you have used and will be titled "References".  List all references numerically in the order they've been cited within the paper, and include the bracketed number at the beginning of each reference. 

• Create a hanging indent for each reference with the bracketed numbers flush with the left side of the page. The hanging indent highlights the numerical sequence of your references.

Source: IEEE Citation Guidelines, and check out the link for more information on how to cite different types of resources.

In-text Citations

When citing and referring to a resource within your writing, it is not necessary to mention an author's name, pages used, or date of publication. Instead, refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1], that will then correspond to the full citation in your reference list. Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the first bracket.

Number your sources as you cite them in the paper. Once you have referred to a source and given it a number, continue to use that number as you cite that source throughout the paper. When citing multiple sources at once, the preferred method is to list each number separately, in its own brackets, using a comma or dash between numbers, as such: [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5].

Example In-text Citations

"...end of the line for my research [13]."

"This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]."

"Scholtz [2] has argued that..."

"Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that...."

"For example, see [7]."

Source: University of Pittsburgh IEEE Style LibGuide

Other Resources for IEEE Style: 

• IEEE: IEEE Style Manual
• IEEE Citation Guidelines
• Purdue OWL IEEE: This resource discusses formatting for the IEEE style

• IEEE Editorial Style Manual- This style manual provides editorial guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. For spelling

  reference, IEEE Publications uses Webster’s College Dictionary, 4th Edition. For guidance on grammar and usage
  not included in this manual, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style, published by the University of Chicago
  Press.